Fumbling when it comes to investing? Don't panic. There are easy ways to get your money to work for you.
1. Start early
More than any one stock or mutual fund pick, the age you start investing will determine how much wealth you build. To illustrate: Employee A starts putting away $100 a month when she's 22. Her money grows at 8 percent a year, and after ten years she stops contributing - and lets her stake grow. Employee B waits until he's 32 to set aside $100 a month, also growing at 8 percent a year, and he keeps it up until he hits 64. When they both retire at 64, she will have $234,600, and he'll have only $177,400. Need we say more?
2. Use your 401(k)
If you're not already enrolled in your company's plan, stop reading now and sign up. Since you're putting in pretax dollars, a 401(k) is an unrivaled savings vehicle, and passing up an employer match is - literally - giving up free money. Confused about how to manage all the choices in your 401(k) plan? New pension legislation is encouraging companies to offer third-party investment advisory services, so call HR to find out if yours offers any on-the-house guidance.
3. Keep it simple
If you have a full-time job and it's not picking stocks, acknowledge that. Choosing three or four index funds - say, an S&P 500 fund, an EAFE fund, and a small-cap stock fund - will give you broad exposure. ETFs (low-cost mutual funds that trade like stocks) are also an easy way to invest in more exotic asset classes, like commodities. If you're close to retirement, consider life-cycle funds from Vanguard or T. Rowe Price, which will automatically rebalance your account according to your goals.
4. Don't try to beat the market
Even the best fund managers have trouble beating the S&P 500, so give up the chase. The most straightforward way to avoid this trap is to diversify your assets and then rebalance your portfolio at least once a year. Check your asset breakdown with Morningstar's free Instant X-Ray tool (www.morningstar.com). Essentially, rebalancing means selling some winners that are taking up too big a share of your portfolio and redeploying that cash to bulk up in areas that have lagged. (Buy low, sell high - get it?)
5. Don't chase trends
You want to grow your money for the long haul, so you can't switch your strategy every time you read the headlines. If you see an asset class that's catching fire - like real estate investment trusts (REITs) in the late '90s or commodities this year - ask yourself some basic questions: Can I describe how it works in plain English? If not, start your research at Investopedia.com. Why is it so popular right now? If the answer is "Paris Hilton bought some," best to stay away.
6. Make saving automatic
No one wants to think about saving - so don't. Already more companies are making 401(k) enrollment automatic (34 percent of big companies, vs. virtually none ten years ago). If you're already maxing out your 401(k), see whether your company can transfer money directly from your paycheck into your Roth IRA or a taxable account. Or ask if your bank can transfer a set amount (even $100 a month) from your checking account into a high-interest-bearing online savings account (check out HSBC's and ING's offerings).
7. Go heavy on stocks
The more time you have, the more risk you should take. If you're just starting out, 80 percent to 100 percent of your assets ought to be in stocks. "If you have, say, 30 or 40 years, what happens over the next three months or even three years doesn't matter. If you need the money in two years and it drops 40 percent in one year, that's a problem," says Stuart Ritter, a certified financial planner with T. Rowe Price. The simplest trick? Subtract your age from 120: That's the percentage you should have in stocks; the rest should be in bonds.
8. Hold down fees
Be wary of any mutual fund charging a management fee higher than 1 percent (a few stellar managers may be worth it; most are not). A manager with a high buying and selling rate (called "turnover") should also set off warning bells. If you aren't interested in watching your fund manager like a hawk, stick with an index fund, like one from Vanguard, where expenses are typically around 0.2 percent. And if you're trading stocks, don't be fooled by low commissions: They add up.
9. Ditch credit card debt
All debt is not created equal, so rank yours by interest rate and pay off the bad stuff first. That usually means credit cards, which can carry interest rates as high as 30 percent. (Compare your card's APR with others at Bankrate.com.) On the other end of the scale are student loans. Those rates are generally between 3 and 6 percent, so consider making the minimum payment and investing in your 401(k) instead. Hey, even Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas was still paying off his school loans when he joined the bench.
10. Defer taxes
Eager to lock in your gains on a hot investment? Before you click on sell, consider the tax implications. In a taxable account, you'll pay 15 percent in capital gains taxes every time you sell a winner you've owned for more than a year (the longer you can defer paying taxes, the more time you're giving your money to grow). Come tax time, however, it can be a good move to sell losers in your portfolio to take advantage of the annual $3,000 capital-loss deduction limit and offset any capital gains on your winning picks.
December 12, 2006
10 rules for building wealth
December 10, 2006
Tax Stuff You Need to Keep in Your Records
Be sure and BOOKMARK this for future reference!
Here are some suggestions that I found in The Ernst & Young Tax Guide 2007 of records that you should keep on hand in addition to your income tax return.
I recommend that you…
1. Get yourself a hanging folder and label it for the tax year
2. Get three manila folders labeled with the following three categories: Income, Expense, and Credits
3. File all of your records according to which manila folder they belong in
4. Your accountant will LOVE you
INCOME
EXPENSE
- Domestic Employee Expense - Canceled checks, state unemployement tax payments; see Chapter 40 - What to Do If You Employ Domestic Help in the book
- Self-Employment Expense - Bills, canceled checks, receipts, bank statements, all business books and records
- IRA Contribution - Year-end account summary, deposit receipt
- Keogh Contribution - Year-end account summary, deposit receipt
- Alimony - Divorce settlement papers, canceled alimony checks
- Medical and Dental Expense - Bills, canceled checks, receipts, pay stubs if employer withholds medical insurance from wages
- Taxes - Canceled checks, mortgage statements, receipts, Form W-2
- Interest Expense - Bank statements, mortgage statements (Form 1098), canceled checks
- Charitable Contributions - Canceled checks, receipts, detailed description of noncash property contributed
- Miscellaneous Deductions - Receipts, canceled checks, or other documentary evidence (see Chapters 27 - 29 in the book
- Casualty and Theft Losses - Description of property, photograph of damaged property, receipts, canceled checks, policy and insurance reports
- Exemptions - Birth certificates, Social Security numbers
CREDITS
What Statistics on Home Sales Aren’t Saying
Down in Naples, Fla., a fast-growing city on the Gulf of Mexico, there was an auction of houses about a month ago.
An auction isn’t the usual way to sell a home, but it can make sense for people who don’t want to leave their houses on the market for months at a time and also don’t want to take the first offer to come along. So on a Saturday morning inside the Naples Beach Hotel and Golf Club, a few dozen houses went on the block in front of about 500 audience members.
Based on the official housing statistics, you might have guessed that the sellers would have made out just fine, despite all the talk of a real estate slump. According to one widely followed real estate index — tabulated by the government agency that regulates and Freddie Mac — the average house in Naples sold for 20 percent more this summer than it would have a year earlier.
But that wasn’t what happened at the auction. In fact, if you were at the beach club that Saturday, you could have been excused for thinking that the real estate market was crashing.
The highest bid on one three-bedroom ranch house with a pool was $671,000. In 2005, the same house sold for $809,000. Another house, just steps from Naples Bay, received a high bid of $880,000, compared with $1.35 million a year earlier. On average, the bids suggested that the houses at the auction had lost about 25 percent of their value since 2005, according to Thomas Lawler, a real estate consultant who analyzed the results.
Now, Naples is not a typical housing market. House prices nearly tripled in the first half of this decade, and speculators, who are more likely than residents to sell a house in a panic, flooded into the area in recent years. But with that said, Naples is not as unusual as you may think.
The truth is that the official numbers on house prices — the last refuge of soothing information about the real estate market on the coasts — are deeply misleading. Depending on which set you look at, you’ll see that prices have either continued to rise, albeit modestly, or have fallen slightly over the last year. But the statistics have a number of flaws, perhaps the biggest being that they are based only on homes that have actually sold. The numbers overlook all those homes that have been languishing on the market for months, getting only offers that their owners have not been willing to accept.
In reality, homes across much of Florida, California and the Northeast are worth a lot less than they were a year ago. The auction in Naples may have exaggerated the downturn in the market there, but not by much. Tom Doyle, a Naples real estate agent, estimated that a typical house there, sold in the normal way, would go for about 20 percent less than it did the previous fall.
In the Boston area, prices have fallen about 10 to 15 percent since the middle of 2005, estimated Chobee Hoy, who owns a real estate brokerage firm in Brookline. Jerome J. Manning, who runs the Massachusetts-based auction company that conducted the Naples sale, told me he thought that values had dropped about 20 percent around Boston. (The government, meanwhile, says the average price rose 1 percent from last summer to this summer. But here’s all you need to know about how well the government tracks the Boston market: the index excludes any mortgage larger than $417,000.)
In September of last year, Ms. Hoy sold a one-bedroom condominium in Brookline for $395,000. She recently sold another apartment of the same size in the same building for $300,000. Since March, her firm has been listing a house in the Fisher Hill neighborhood of Brookline that cost $995,000 when it last sold, in the summer of 2004. Ms. Hoy expects it to sell this time for less than $900,000.
The market in northern Virginia is similar: prices are down 10 to 15 percent, according to an analysis by Mr. Lawler, a former Fannie Mae executive who’s based there. In Portland, Me., the typical house has lost about 10 percent of its value in the last year and a half, said Bill Trask, the former head of the local Realtors’ board.
In New York City, where co-op boards generally bar the door to absentee speculators and creative mortgages, prices seem to have slid a bit in the last few months, but only to roughly their 2005 levels. In the New York suburbs, though, values have fallen perhaps 10 percent or more since last year. Prices also appear to be down in Sacramento and San Diego.
For many homeowners, of course, the decline doesn’t much matter. They didn’t really benefit from the run-up, and they won’t suffer from the decline. And for any renters hoping to buy a home, the fall in prices is downright good news.
Unfortunately, there are also a lot of families that took on huge mortgage debts based on the ephemeral peak values of their properties. In effect, they cashed in on the housing boom without cashing out. As Ed Smith Jr., the chief executive of Plaza Financial Group, a mortgage brokerage firm near San Diego, said, “So many people picked up their homes, turned them upside down and shook them like a piggy bank.”
The withdrawals have been so big that the average household in Boston now has slightly less equity in its home than it did in 2000, according to an analysis by Moody’s Economy.com that took inflation into account. And that analysis used the house prices reported by the National Association of Realtors, which appear to be more accurate than the government’s data right now but are still too rosy.
Then there are the people who bought their homes in the last couple of years and made almost no down payment. Many of them may now be underwater, owing more on their mortgages than their houses are worth.
Most worrisome, growing numbers of these families are falling behind on their mortgage payments, and they won’t be able to bail themselves out by refinancing or selling their homes. “We’re now going to combine a high amount of debt with falling home values,” said Mark Zandi, chief economist of Economy.com.
For the broader economy, this may turn out to be just a hiccup. Big piles of debt can often look scarier than they really are. Then again, the housing slump of 2006 may also be the start of something larger. Mr. Zandi considers it to be “the most significant threat to the global expansion.”
Over the last few decades, the world’s financial system has endured a crisis roughly once every three or four years. There was the stock market crash of 1987, the Asian and Mexican meltdowns in the 1990s, the dot-com implosion of 2000 and, most recently, the aftermath of Sept. 11, 2001. We may now be living on both borrowed money and borrowed time.
Sphere: Related Content
4 secrets of the successful job search
Snagging a new job is about more than having the right skills and suit.
Secret 1
Know where to look for jobs
Not only is it not your father's job search anymore. It's not even your slightly older sister's.
While employers still use headhunters to vet candidates, especially for senior positions, increasingly they are relying on resume scanning software and online "assessment" tests to do an initial sort of the wheat from the chaff.
And rather than posting an opening on a general jobs site, which can bring in too many you-must-be-joking candidates, companies are using jobs sites or parts of jobs sites that are specific to their industry, said Mark Bartz, cofounder of resume and job-search consulting firm Executive Careers Inc. They're also beefing up their corporate sites so potential hires with a specific interest in a company may submit resumes.
Increasingly, too, job seekers may submit resumes for a type of job rather than a specific job opening, said Ginny Gomez, vice president of product management of Peopleclick, a recruiting software and consulting firm.
When a job does open up, HR will electronically sort through the resumes looking for key words to find attractive candidates, Bartz said. (See Secret 2 on how to make your resume stand out.)
When you do use a corporate site to submit your resume, you may be asked a series of questions designed to give the employer some sense of whether your personality is a good fit for the type of job you're seeking and to test your advertised skills.
"(The questions) are an ever-growing component to a company's recruiting strategy and knowing this, candidates should know that by not completing an assessment, they are removing themselves from consideration," Gomez said.
Secret 2
Ensure a company wants to talk to you
Tailor your resume so that it highlights high up your experience relevant to the job or type of job in question. Make it easy on the person reading it to figure out why they should consider you, said Phil Carpenter, vice president of marketing at SimplyHired.com, a jobs search engine.
One way to do that is to "stress results, not activities," said Amy Hoover, executive vice president of TalentZoo, a recruiter specializing in communications jobs.
Your goal is to get the person who eventually reads your resume (and cover letter) to ask, "How did you do that?" said Mark Bartz, cofounder of resume and job-search consulting firm Executive Careers Inc.
What will set you apart from your competition is to give an answer that not only speaks to your education, training and experience, but also to soft skills that you possess but that can't be easily taught, such as intuition, discernment, creativity and resourcefulness. "That's the X factor that gets you the job," he said.
But the only way you'll ever be asked the question is if your resume makes it through the early lines of defense, which may very well be resume scanning software, which looks for key words or phrases specific to the nature of the job you'd like and the industry it's in.
Bartz recommends branding yourself on your resume and cover letter - for example, as "a product marketing manager with expertise in product branding, market research and team-building." Then pick out from your past work experience 12 to 20 key words or phrases that amplify each of those areas of expertise. For instance, for market research, you might have worked on projects involving "demographic analysis" or a "product lifecycle."
Secret 3
Demonstrate that you want the job
Saying that you want a position and showing it are two different things.
What will distinguish you from other candidates is, for starters, a cover letter that lets the recipient know you've actually spent time thinking about the company's business and the role you could play in it if you're hired, said Phil Carpenter, vice president of marketing at SimplyHired.com, a jobs search engine.
Beyond that, before or after an interview, put something together to show the company how you think it might market its product better or improve its service, said Amy Hoover, executive vice president of TalentZoo, a recruiter specializing in communications jobs. "It will set you apart from the competition."
In an interview, highlight the successful projects you worked on in which you had the most fun because your passion will come through, and that is a trait companies want to see, said Mark Bartz, cofounder of resume and job-search consulting firm Executive Careers Inc.
Secret 4
Stick to the tried-and-true
There are some things about a successful job search that remain timeless:
Having a firm understanding of the nature of the job you're applying for, the company where you'd like to work and the industry the company is in are all critical, said Ginny Gomez, vice president of product management of Peopleclick, a recruiting software and consulting firm.
There's nothing like having an "in" at a company as opposed to just going through HR channels. If you don't know someone personally at a company, you might find a connection through one of the business-focused networking sites such as LinkedIn and NetShare, said Mark Bartz, cofounder of resume and job-search consulting firm Executive Careers Inc. (Read about how LinkedIn works here.)
Once you do get an interview, give the interviewer something to remember you by, such as a sample of a successful project you worked on, said Phil Carpenter, vice president of marketing at SimplyHired.com, a jobs search engine.
Courtesy is as an asset. "A proper handshake and thank-you-for-your-time goes a long way," said Amy Hoover, executive vice president of TalentZoo, a recruiting firm specializing in communications jobs. And be sure to email a thank-you note within 24 hours after an interview.
By Jeanne Sahadi, CNNMoney.com senior writer
6 funds to invest in with your kids
Are you looking to introduce your children to investing? Consider these tips and a half-dozen mutual funds with low initial outlays.
At Morningstar, we've often emphasized how important it is to start investing early in life. Not only does it give you a big head start in building a nest egg for a first home, a college education or retirement, but learning good investing habits early on can have a positive impact for years. That's why it's an excellent idea for parents to teach their kids about money and investing.
There are plenty of good ways to do this, some of which Morningstar's Sue Stevens recently described in her column (registration required).
Ultimately, there's no better way for kids to learn about investing than by doing it themselves, whether it's with money they've saved on their own or money given to them by a parent or other relative. Traditional tools such as summer jobs and savings accounts are still important, but mutual funds can also be an excellent way for older children to learn the value of a buck. Not all mutual funds are right for young investors, but with a little thoughtful research, it's possible to find some that kids can feel at home in.
What to look for
Broadly speaking, when helping kids invest in mutual funds, it's best to keep things simple. Focus on stock funds rather than bond funds because kids have very long time horizons and can take on plenty of risk. Large-cap stock funds are generally best; not only should they form the core of any long-term portfolio, but they're more likely to hold stocks of which the kids have heard. Kids will generally have no need for sector funds or other niche funds.
Young investors generally don't have a lot of money to throw around, so a fund that requires $5,000, $10,000 or more upfront is effectively closed to them. There are plenty of funds with minimum initial investments of $1,000, $500 or even $250, making them much more welcoming for beginners. You can read about some of these funds in this column by Christine Benz, and you can use Morningstar's Premium Fund Screener (membership required) to find funds with low minimums in addition to any other criteria you want. You might want to eliminate load funds; some of them have low minimums, but they're not appropriate if you're going to make lots of small purchases, as kids probably will.
Often it's possible to start with an even-lower initial investment -- sometimes zero -- if you set up an automatic investment plan, or AIP. Under that kind of plan, you arrange to automatically add a certain amount, such as $50, to the account each month. This can be a good option for kids with jobs that provide a regular income; not only does it allow them to start investing without a lot of money up front, but it will teach them how quickly that nest egg can grow when additions are made regularly. You can find out whether a fund has an AIP -- many do -- by looking on the Purchasing Information page of its Morningstar report, and you can use the Premium Fund Screener to screen for funds with AIPs.
Watch the expenses
Low expenses are a feature any fund investor should look for, and you'll do kids a favor if you instill in them early the importance of fund costs. This can be trickier than it seems at first because the cheapest funds can sometimes have high minimum purchases; still, kids can't go wrong if you steer them toward low-cost funds whenever it's feasible. Morningstar's free Mutual Fund Screener lets you screen for funds with expense ratios below their category average, and the Premium Fund Screener allows for expense screening that's more detailed.
Finally, it's often considered kid-friendly for funds to avoid alcohol, tobacco, gambling or pornography stocks because some parents or grandparents might not feel comfortable having kids investing in such businesses. Columbia Young Investor (LYIAX), a pioneer among kid-friendly funds that's soon being merged away, has always had such restrictions on its portfolio, as does its rival USAA First Start Growth (UFSGX).
This is a more personal standard than the other ones above, and it is one that parents might want to discuss between themselves and with their kids. If you do decide that you'd like a fund that screens out certain kinds of stocks, you can use Premium Fund Screener to find socially responsible funds, most of which at least shun alcohol and tobacco stocks. However, you'll also need to look at each fund individually to see whether its standards are ones with which you agree because funds can differ greatly in their definitions of "socially responsible" investing.
Six funds to consider
With all this in mind, here are some funds to consider if you have a child who's dipping his or her toe into the waters of investing. Of course, these aren't the only kid-friendly funds out there; judicious use of the screening tools mentioned above can help you find other candidates fitting the criteria that are most important to you. However, this list provides a good starting point for young investors:
USAA First Start Growth (UFSGX).
Now that Columbia Young Investor is on the verge of disappearing, this will soon be the only mutual fund explicitly geared toward young people. It's not without its drawbacks; its 1.45% expense ratio is high for a large-cap fund, and 25% of its assets are now in bonds, a higher percentage than most kids probably need. But manager Mark Baribeau avoids alcohol, tobacco and gambling stocks, and you can start an AIP for no money upfront and just $20 a month, one of the most kid-friendly plans out there.
TIAA-CREF Equity Index Investor (TCEIX).
Index funds have a place in any investor's portfolio, and kids are no exception. The big kahunas among index funds, Vanguard 500 Index (VFINX) and Fidelity Spartan 500 Index (FSMKX), are very cheap but have minimum initial investments of $3,000 and $10,000, respectively, putting them out of most kids' reach. This fund from TIAA-CREF has a minimum initial investment of $2,500, but that minimum is only $50 if you set up an AIP that invests $50 a month. Plus, this fund only costs 0.26% a year -- not as cheap as the Vanguard or Fidelity funds but still cheaper than most index funds and nearly all actively managed funds.
Vanguard STAR (VGSTX).
If you want to teach kids about the importance of low fund expenses, there's no better place to start than Vanguard. Some of Vanguard's most popular funds, such as 500 Index, are geared more toward older, more experienced investors, but Vanguard STAR is a good option for beginners. It provides exposure to 11 different Vanguard funds of various asset classes, including significant foreign exposure, and its track record is outstanding. A major factor in that good track record is the fund's rock-bottom 0.36% expense ratio. It does require a $1,000 initial investment, with or without an AIP, but nearly all other Vanguard funds require at least a $3,000 minimum, making this the best entree into this world-class family of funds.
Pax World Balanced (PAXWX).
This is one of the best socially responsible funds out there, with a strong long-term track record and reasonable expenses. It also has a low $250 minimum initial investment, whether or not you set up an AIP, making it an attractive starter fund. The fund keeps 25% to 45% of its assets in bonds, which makes it a bit conservative for most kids' needs, but it also provides significant mid-cap and overseas exposure, which can be hard to find in socially responsible funds.
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Growth (PRSGX).
This fund of funds is good way to obtain diversified, actively managed stock exposure. It invests in nine T. Rowe Price equity funds ranging from small to large cap, value to growth and domestic to international, and it has compiled one of the best long-term records in the large-blend category. Plus, like all T. Rowe Price funds, it's friendly to beginning investors; you can start an AIP with just $50 to start and $50 a month after that.
Ariel Appreciation (CAAPX).
This fund has struggled lately, but we have enough confidence in veteran manager John Rogers that it remains an Analyst Pick in the mid-cap-blend category. Rogers avoids tobacco, firearm and nuclear-energy stocks, and prefers firms that are environmentally friendly and cultivate diversity. It's also an easy fund for youngsters to get into; you can set up an AIP with no money upfront and $50 a month thereafter. On top of all this, Ariel maintains a number of educational initiatives to help disadvantaged young people.
Forex Money Management
Money management in the context of Forex trading refers to the process of analyzing trades for risk and potential profits, determining how much risk is acceptable and managing a trade position to control risk and maximize profitability.
Stop Losses.
There are no absolute rules to how to implement a money management strategy. However, some of the keys are to only risk a small percentage of your total equity capital on each trade. That way, you are able to recover from an unprofitable trade. Moreover, you may want to always have an actual stop set for each position. That way, you can assure that your losses from unprofitable trades are always limited in some predefined and controllable manner. Taking these steps and others can help limit the drawdown that you may suffer at any one time. One well known trader suggested a stop loss set 3% below your entry point; he then indicates that once your position has appreciated 3%, that you move your stop loss to your original entry point. For a full discussion of these rules and many useful other money management concept, see W.D. Gann’s famous book How to Make Profits In Commodities which was published many years ago.
Drawdown is simply the amount of money you lose trading, expressed as a percentage of your total trading equity. For example, if you funded your trading account with $20,000 and proceeded to lose $3,000, you would have suffered a drawdown of 15% ($3,000 divided by $20,000). To get back to breakeven, you would now have to obtain a positive return of 17.65% on your remaining equity capital ($3,000/$17,000). As you will see, as the size of the drawdown increases, the going forward positive return percentage increases exponentially:
5.00% - 5.26%
10.00% - 11.11%
15.00% - 17.65%
20.00% - 25.00%
Thus, the greater the drawdown, the more difficult it is to get back to a level of overall profitability.
Risk-Reward Ratios.
Other money management items include making sure any preplanned trades have an adequate risk-reward ratio such as 1:2. For example, if you sold the USD/CAD pair at 1.1723 and set a stop loss at 1.1823 risking a 100 PIP loss, you should not sell the position if it moves in your favor unless the price is 1.1523 or better (representing a 200 PIP profit).
Do Not Close Profitable Positions.
If you have the discipline, you should not sell your profitable positions even if they move past your risk-reward threshold level (1.1523 in the example above). Instead, you could hold onto the position and progressively move your stop to lock in your profits. For example, if the USD/CAD pair moved to 1.1475, you might place a stop loss at 1.1523 to lock in your 200 PIP profit. By doing that, if the market continued to move or trend in your favor, you could continue to profit from the trend. You could also continue to move your stop loss to lock in additional profit. The trailing stop feature can be useful to accomplish this and remove the need to continuously update your stops and instill a sense of discipline to your trading.
Forex Basics
The foreign exchange or Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world. As of April 2004, the Forex market experienced average daily turnover of approximately $1.88 trillion, which was a 57% increase (at current exchange rates) from 2001 daily averages. For more information regarding this surge in Forex trading activity, we refer you to the Bank of International Settlements, Triennial Central Bank Survey, Foreign Exchange and Derivative Market Activity in 2004 (March 2005).
The Forex market is predominantly an over-the-counter (”OTC”) market, with no fixed location and it operates 24 hours a day, starting each business day in Sydney, and moving around the globe as the business day begins in each financial center, first to Tokyo, London, and New York.
London, New York City and Tokyo are the principal geographic centers of the world-wide foreign exchange market, with approximately 58% of all foreign exchange business executed in the U.K., U.S. and Japan. Other, smaller markets include Singapore, Zurich and Frankfurt. Approximately 89% of foreign exchange transactions involve the U.S. dollar (”USD”), and approximately 37% involve the Euro (”EUR”).
An over-the-counter market is a market which lacks a centralized exchange. An example of a centralized exchange would be an exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. You will hear the phrase “inter-bank” from time to time. This refers to the foreign currency trading which occurs between banks. Historically, most of this trading had been conducted over the phone. However, the electronic brokering system was created in September of 1993 to permit electronic trading of foreign currencies between banks and other financial institutions. Now, much of the Forex trading that takes place occurs over various electronic systems.
The USD/EUR pair is by far the most-traded currency pair and in recent years has comprised approximately 28% of the global turnover in foreign exchange. There are three major kinds of transactions in the traditional foreign exchange markets: spot Forex transactions, outright Forex forwards and foreign exchange swaps. “Spot” Forex trades are foreign exchange transactions that settle typically within two business days with the counterparty to the trade. Spot transactions account for approximately 35% of reported daily volume in the traditional foreign exchange markets. “Forward” trades, which are transactions that settle on a date beyond spot, account for 12% of the reported daily volume, and “swap” transactions, in which two parties exchange two currencies on one or more specified dates over an agreed period and exchange them again when the period ends, account for the remaining 53% of volume. There also are transactions in currency options, which trade both over-the-counter and, in the U.S., on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange.
All of the transactions which are executed with Manchesterfx as a counterparty to a client are “spot” Forex trades which settle in two business days. In practice, however, these Forex trades never settle because they are rolled over on a daily basis.
Currency futures are transactions in which an institution buys or sells a standardized amount of foreign currency on an organized exchange for delivery on one of several specified dates. Currency futures are traded in a number of regulated markets, including the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, the Singapore Exchange Derivatives Trading Limited and the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE). Over 85% of currency derivative products (swaps, options and futures) are traded over the counter. Participants in the foreign exchange market have various reasons for participating. Multinational corporations and importers need foreign currency to acquire materials or goods from abroad. Banks and multinational corporations sometimes require specific wholesale funding for their commercial loan or other foreign investment portfolios. Some participants hedge open currency exposure through off-balance-sheet products. The primary market participants in foreign exchange are banks (including government-controlled central banks), investment banks, money managers, multinational corporations and institutional investors. The most significant participants are the major international commercial banks that act both as brokers and as dealers. In their dealer role, these banks maintain long or short positions in a currency and seek to profit from changes in exchange rates. In their broker role, the banks handle buy and sell orders from commercial customers, such as multinational corporations. The banks earn commissions when acting as broker. They profit from the spread between the rates at which they buy and sell currency for customers when they act as a dealer.
Typically, banks engage in transactions ranging from $5 million to $50 million in amount. Although banks will engage in smaller transactions, the fees that they charge have made the foreign currency markets relatively inaccessible to individual investors. Some banks allow individual investors to engage in spot trades without paying traditional commissions on the trades. Instead, the banks charge the investor the spread between the bid and the ask price maintained by the bank on all purchases and sales.
December 9, 2006
Top 25 Web 2.0 Apps for Money, Finance, and Investment
How do you manage your money? Investments? Do you remember what your roommate owes you, or what you owe someone else for lunch when they picked up the tab? Can't keep track of where you're spending all your money? Pulling your hair out after paying for your medical bills? Need to cut back, so that you can save and find a nice home? Or maybe you'd rather spend your lucre on a vacation for the best price.
The smart way to money management, personal finance, and investing is to use the right tools — tools that aren't so intimidating that you'll ignore them after a while. This guide to the top 25 web 2.0 applications should help you with the above will come in handy when it comes to managing all your money concerns. [If you're not familiar with "web 2.0", read: what is web 2.0, or the compact definition.] Many of these apps have a community nature to them, so if you need some friendly advice from members, or wish to give it, you can.
Applications are listed approximately in alphabetical order within each grouping (except when two apps are described jointly.) Most of the services covered here are either free or have a free component or trial.
Lending, Borrowing This group of applications refers to those in which money actually changes hands electronically, either as part of a loan or as some form of payment (but not as part of an investment). Mobile applications have been left out, as the term web 2.0 hasn't yet been widely extended to smart phones and PDAs.
- Prosper
Prosper offers social networks for peer-to-peer community loans and financing. A group leader can create a new group and invite people to become members. An individual can register as a borrower and loan prospects can build a profile for themselves. Loans from a lender can be distributed to a single person or divided amongst several borrowers. A borrower's loan might come from a single lender or several, to reduce risk, and borrowers can choose from whom they select loans, based on the interest rates offered. - Zopa
Zopa is a lot like Prosper. It serves as a potential alternative to expensive short-term loan rates, ideal for managing some of your consumer debt. Zopa does differ slightly from Prosper in some regards however. Zopa has nuances in the way loans are qualified and applied. Also note that Zopa is currently an UK-based system, however, they are "coming to the United States".
Personal Finance, Money Management, Expense Sharing
These applications deal specifically with tracking your personal finances and expenditures, paying bills, etc.
- DimeWise
DimeWise lets you define multiple accounts (savings, checking) and enter and track your transactions, including future expenses. Each expense can have a category tag as well as a note. Expenses can be exported or imported (OFX format, aka Microsoft Money 2002+, Quicken 2004+), set as recurring (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly), and even plotted as a chart to help you determine where your money is going. They have a 30-day free trial. - Foonance
Foonance bills itself as a flexible way for individuals, couples and families to manage their personal finances. You can track your net worth over what they call "money stores", import your bank statements, "transfer" amounts between stores, "schedule" transactions and categorize them, and view pending transactions and money store balances. There don't appear to be any report capabilities, unlike DimeWise. - iOWEYOU
iOWEYOU is described as an expenses sharing calculator that roommates or friends can used to keep track of who owes what. The service is free for groups of up to five people. While no money changes hands, it might be great for that insane roommate of yours who calculates rent to the fourth decimal, based on an actual square footage ratio of your room compared to the entire place... Uh, you know what I mean. - NetworthIQ
NetworthIQ is the recipient of an SEOmoz.orgWeb 2.0 Awards Honorable Mention in "Business, Money, and eCommerce" and was declared #6 in the Top 10 Innovative Web 2.0 Applications of 2005. It's a free personal finance manager that allows you to monitor your net worth, debts, assets, etc. You can share your net worth publicly with other members, and view theirs as well. No private contact information is displayed, though a few PF (personal finance) bloggers do have a link to their website. - Wesabe
Wesabe is a web-based personal finance tool where you can manage your finances. They've also added acommunity component where you can share your experiences with money, your saving tips, and your personal money goals. [While Wesabe isn't the only place to share goals, it seems that what was once taboo (publicly declaring your worth and your goals) is now encouraged.] Wesabe actually interacts with your bank accounts, so it's more than just a tracking tool. There are a few tiers of membership, including "free", as well as a free promo on Pro accounts through 2007. This appears to be amongst the most robust of the "personal finance management" tools being offered online at present, and there are many more features than what's covered here.
Stock Market, Investing, Tracking, Portfolio Management
These applications are specifically for tracking stocks and discussing with community members, managing a portfolio, and conducting actual trades.
- BullPoo
The name BullPoo itself is enough to warrant a look at this investment community where you can "share and collaborate on investment information." It has a rich interface, but possibly a bit intimidating, where you can organize your portfolio, store trade history, set an avatar, write or read blogs on whatever stock, make forecasts on a stock to see how you compare to other members, and loads more. For someone with the investment bug that wants to be part of a community, this site could be a positive "timewaster". - CAPS (Motley Fool)
The Motley Fool's CAPS application is similar in nature, if not appearance, to BullPoo. At least from a superficial view. It's not so much about tracking your investments as participating in a community and predicting or viewing predictions of stock outcomes. There's a lot here to be absorbed, but it seems like quite a diversion from regular Motley Fool financial advice in that it seems almost frivolous. - DigStock
DigStock is a Digg-like list of stock market + investing articles. Members submit a synopsis of an article from elsewhere (with the URL) and other members vote for the stories they like. Each story, instead of being tagged with a topic category, is tagged with the appropriate stock ticker symbols. The assumption is that because the article ranking is community-based, active members will help define what type of stories are desirable. And of course, there's the obligatory stock charts. - FeelingBullish
FeelingBullish is very similar to CAPS in functionality, and also follows a community model of sharing and communicating with other investors. - GStock
GStock is "a virtual supercomputer" for stock market analysis. It runs on a grid computing model and claims to test over one billion investment strategies per stock. Then it emails you BUY/ SELL (B/S) alerts for major US-traded stocks in your portfolio. They also claim that 70% of trades based on their BUY/SELL alerts make profits. Navigation, though, is extremely sparse. Enter a stock ticker symbol in the search field to get a chart with B/S indicators. Then apply common sense as to whether you should take the action offered, based on your price for that stock. - MoneyTwins
MoneyTwins is not Forex (foreign exchange) trading per se, but rather, if you have foreign currency and want to exchange it with someone for other currency, you can do so with community members instead of a bank - thus reducing commission costs. - SaneBull
SaneBull is customizable web interface with movable components that let you track specific stocks by symbol and market, as well as browse news feeds from several financial websites. It uses a number of web 2.0 technologies including AJAX. - StockTickr
StockTickr is another social investing application. You can watch animated stock tickers change in real-time, or subscribe to the RSS web feed. Trades are categorized by popular, profit, long, short, open, closed, and alerts. Though what you are watching is based on the portfolios of members. That is, all watchlists are shared amongst the StockTickr community. - Wikinancial
Wikinancial is a financial community where watchlists are shared, as are discussions in the forum — each stock has its own. In addition to the obligatory market and stock charts, there's also an archive of articles, presumably written by members. They have something called the "chat" box, though it's not an integrated IM (Instant Messaging) client, merely a form for starting a new discussion thread. Though provision for real-time chatting, text or voice, might add another dimension to the community, provided some controls such as group moderation were implemented. - Zecco
Zecco combines two popular features — a financial community and free online investment trading. That's right, free, as in no commissions and no hidden fees. This bold move garnered them thousands of new accounts on launch day, an event that was covered by CNBC TV. To actually trade, you have to provide banking information, employment information, and a government ID, all of which have to be faxed after account confirmation.
Real Estate
These applications help you to find, sell or just manage your real estate properties.
- Homethinking
Homethinking is a real estate application with a difference. They take an Amazon/ eBay approach in that you can find agents and see "reviews" of that agent, as well a list and a map of what properties they are handling at present. Details of how many properties they have sold are also provided, including location, house details, and asking and final prices. A random query for Atlanta showed a list of agents for whom no reviews were present. However, Homethinking claims over 1.5 million listed agents and nearly 2.5 million transactions. - iiProperty
Have real estate in your investment portfolio? iiProperty offers numerous features to help you manage your properties online: advertise properties for sale or rent (allows pictures), send notices to tenants or rent invoices, track rents and leases, view status indicators and alerts, manage income and expenses. iiProperty is a fairly comprehensive package with 5 price points, including Lite (free), which lets you advertise properties, post to Craigslist, and track online ads, leases, tenant records, rent due + received, and more. - Rentometer
Need to get away from your insane roomate who calculates rent to mad decimal places? Use Rentometer, which is part of iiProperty. It lets landlords determine if they are not charging enough rent for their area, and tenants can find out if they are being charged too much. A random test for a $1000/m studio apartment in Sandy Springs (Atlanta), Georgia showed that, just down the street, there's an similar unit for only $525. Move, and you can put the savings into stocks, or loan it out on Prosper. - Trulia
Trulia is a real estate search engine for the United States that gives you the option of specifying price range, property type, # of bedrooms and bathrooms, and square footage. You can specify region by city or zip code, and a search produces not only a list of properties and a link to the appropriate seller, but a Google map of the region with icons marking each. They also offer interactive heat maps which show price trends. So if you are interested in investing in one or more properties, Trulia gives you a birds eye view of what's available that fits your criteria. - Zillow
Zillow has a database of millions of residential properties that buyers can browse, along with maps, estimates of a property compared against nearby properties, advice on loans, and a loan calculator. Sellers can get an estimate of their home and keep it private or make public. They can also compare profiles of nearby properties. Current homeowners who are neither buying nor selling can get an estimate of their home and compare it to other properties.
Miscellaneous
These are applications that have a web 2.0-ish aspect to them but do not fall into any of the above categories.
- cFares
cFares lets you specify desired trip details such as from/to locations, departing/returning dates, time of day (morning, noon, afternoon, etc.), and ticket class (economy, business, first class), and finds you the lowest airfare in their database. They'll also check nearby airports around your from/to locations, to provide alternates. For example, a trip from Boston to Atlanta on Dec 13, returning Dec 20, economy class returned Delta and American Airlines flights ranging from $149 to $199, plus taxes in some cases. While searching is free, these rates are only available to cFares members. Membership allows you to purchase a ticket online. - MedBill Manager
MedBillManager, as the name suggests, lets you manage all your medical records (providers, bills, etc.) online, track payments owed to you, and track medical expenses for easy reporting to the government, insurers, and employers. You can compare your medical costs against that of other members. While MedBillManager is a fairly robust, complex application, they've done a nice job with the explanation page and the sample screens, so it's easy to see the scope of the application. - PayScale
Want to know whether what you are earning for your job compares to others? Need to know if you are paying an employee fairly? PayScale has a database that spans numerous countries and breaks them down into regions (states, provinces). An interesting thing about PayScale is that it appears to build its database from members. Not exactly accurate if there's false data being entered, but over time, the information will probably become more accurate. They offer you a free salary report as an incentive to fill out your details. In addition, they also have resources (links, articles, etc.) for job seekers.
Additional Sources
Additional (general) sources used for the items above include:
- Emily Chang's eHub.
- SEOMoz Web 2.0 Awards.
- Ajaxian.
- TechCrunch.
- Mashable.
- Lifehack.
- Lifehacker.
� yourcreditadvisor.com Sphere: Related Content
Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI)is defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. The FDI relationship, consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a transnational corporation (TNC). In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate. The UN defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm.
Types of FDI based on the motives of the investing firm
FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective of the investing firm:
Resource Seeking: Investments which seek to acquire factors of production that are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural resources). This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.
Market Seeking: Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining existing ones. FDI of this kind may also be employed as defensive strategy; it is argued that businesses are more likely to be pushed towards this type of investment out of fear of losing a market rather than discovering a new one. This type of FDI can be characterized by the foreign Mergers and Acquisitions in the 1980’s by Accounting, Advertising and Law firms.
Efficiency Seeking: Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope, and also those of common ownership. It is suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm. Typically, this type of FDI is mostly widely practiced between developed economies; especially those within closely integrated markets (e.g. the EU).
30+ year chart of Gold (USD/oz )
30+ year chart (from 1975 - till present) - USD/oz GOLD
Gold's value versus money supply
Historically increases in the supply of paper money or fiat currency through increased money supply would cause the demand for gold to increase. There was a time when gold was money and vice versa. If citizens felt that there may be insufficient gold to cover the paper money in circulation, they would queue up at the bank to change their paper currency back into gold.
However, since the gold standard was ended on August 15, 1971, governments have been free to print as much money as they choose, without fear that their populations will come knocking on the central bank's door demanding to change their paper money back into gold.
In January 1959 US M3 money supply was $288.8 billion, and the official gold reserves of the United States was then 17,335.1 tonnes, or 557,336,000 ounces (there are 32,150.7 troy ounces in a tonne). That means that in 1959, there were $518 in circulation for every ounce of gold reserves held by the USA. Although the theoretical price should then have been $518 per ounce, the actual price, as fixed under the gold standard was only $35 an ounce.
By August 2005, the US M3 money supply had risen to $9,873.9 billion, whilst at the same time the Official Gold Holdings of the United States had fallen to just 8,133.5 tonnes, or 261.50 million Troy Ounces. This means that today, in 2005, there are $37,831 in circulation for every troy ounce of gold held by the United States.
However, this increase of 75 times in the ratio of central bank gold holdings to debt does not allow for the fact that the gold standard was abandoned in 1971 and gold holdings have been deliberately and considerably reduced. Another far less dramatic way of looking at the same figures is this: In 1959 US government debt valued in gold was 8 billion Troy ounces, in 2005 US government debt was 20 billion oz gold - an increase of only 2.5 times.
The above numbers show the falling influence of gold in today's monetary system. Gold bugs believe, or hope, that one day gold's importance will return as the printing of paper money gets out of control and we end in a hyper-inflationary fiat money collapse.
The US Federal Reserve ceased publishing M3 data on 23 March 2006, with the last published data indicating a year-on-year growth rate of 8.23%. Central banks may see this as a reason to limit further increases in their reserves of dollars, and thus alternatives such as gold or the euro might be considered. Jon Nadler, an analyst at Kitco Bullion Dealers, said gold was still benefiting from August 30, 2006 release of the minutes to the last rate-setting meeting of the US Federal Reserve. The minutes to the August 8, 2006 meeting, at which the Federal Open Market Committee kept short-term interest rates unchanged for the first time since 2004, supported the view that US borrowing costs have peaked.
Types of investment
The major difference in the use of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field is that economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market, which may then be used to buy a real asset.
Business Management
The investment decision (also known as capital budgeting) is one of the fundamental decisions of business management: managers determine the assets that the business enterprise obtains; these assets may be physical (e.g. buildings or machinery), intangible (e.g. patents, software, goodwill), or financial (see below). Whatever the type of asset, the manager must assess whether the net present value of the investment to the enterprise is positive; the net present value is calculated using the enterprise's marginal cost of capital.
Economics
In Economics, investment means the purchase (and thus the production) and/or stock of capital goods and/or technology - goods which are not consumed but instead used in future production. Examples include building a railroad, or a factory, clearing land, or putting oneself through college. In measures of national income and output, investment is also a component of GDP given in the formula GDP = C + I + G + NX. The investment function in that aspect is divided into non-residential investment (such as factories, machinery etc) and residential investment (new houses).
Investment is often modeled as a function of income and interest rates, given by the relation I = (Y, i). An increase in income will encourage higher investment, whereas a higher interest rate may discourage investment as it becomes costlier to borrow money. Even if a firm chooses to use its own funds in an investment, the interest rate represents an opportunity cost of investing those funds rather than loaning them out for interest.
Finance
In finance, investment means buying securities or other monetary or paper (financial) assets in the money markets or capital markets, or in fairly liquid real assets, such as gold as an investment, real estate, or collectibles. Valuation is the method for assessing whether a potential investment is worth its price.
Types of financial investments include shares or other equity investment, and bonds (including bonds denominated in foreign currencies). These investments assets are then expected to provide income or positive future cash flows, but may increase or decrease in value giving the investor capital gains or losses.
Trades in contingent claims or derivative securities do not necessarily have future positive expected cash flows - so are not considered to be assets, or strictly speaking, securities or investments. Nevertheless, since their cash flows are closely related to (or derived from) those of specific securities, they are often studied as or treated as investments.
Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as banks, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies, collective investment schemes, or even investment clubs. Though their legal and procedural details differ, an intermediary generally makes an investment using money from many individuals, each of whom receives a claim on the intermediary.
Personal finance
Within personal finance, money used to purchase shares, put in a collective investment scheme or used to buy any asset where there is an element of capital risk is deemed an investment. Saving within personal finance refers to money put aside, normally on a regular basis. This distinction is important as investment risk can cause a capital loss when an investment is realised, unlike saving(s) where the more limited risk is cash devaluing due to inflation.
In many instances the term saving and investment are used interchangeably which confuses this distinction. For example many deposit accounts are labeled as investment accounts by banks for marketing purposes. To help establish whether an asset is saving(s) or an investment you should consider where your money is invested. If the answer is cash then it is savings, if it is a type of asset which can fluctuate in value then it is investment.
